This PhD thesis covers the structure mechanical properties relations in polymeric materials, which is a classical field of material science. For this work, stress induced changes were evaluated in two different synthetically polymers, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and polyethylene (PE), using different sample geometries and measuring procedures. Additional, as example for a natural composite, the nano-structural properties of thin sections of bone samples, being part of a clinical investigation for determining the effects of a medical treatment of osteoporosis, were evaluated. It is also a work strongly connected to a special structure determination method, namely small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). This method allows for characterizations of electron density fluctuation in the size rage of 1 to 100nm. The shape and the 3 dimensional arrangements also influence the scattering signal. In addition wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) was used, a method that allows for investigations on the crystalline structure. It was used for the determination of crystalline phase transitions. We have improved those techniques for the special needs dealing with the topic of this PhD Thesis: We used scanning SAXS/WAXS, in-situ SAXS/WAXS and 3D SAXS techniques, mainly the first time applied to the investigated polymeric systems.