Clogging of submerged entry nozzle (SEN) during continuous casting of steel is an
undesirable phenomenon leading to different problems like flow blockage, slag entrainment,
nonuniform solidification, etc. A transient numerical model for nozzle clogging based on an
Eulerian-Lagrangian approach was developed and it covers the main steps of clogging: (a)
formation of the first oxide layer by chemical reactions on the steel-refractory interface; (b)
motion of non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) due to the turbulent melt flow towards the SEN wall;
(c) interactions between the melt, the NMI, and the wall; (d) formation and growth of the clog
by the deposition of NMIs on the clog front and the flow-clog interactions; and (e)
detachment/fragmentation of a part of clog due to the flow drag force. Clogging in an industrial
scale SEN was simulated. The simulated clog front was compared with real as-clogged SENs.
The modeling results have successfully explained the SEN clogging induced transient flow
phenomenon in the mold region, i.e. the transition from the stable to an unstable and non-
symmetrical flow.